Upon the rise of Romanovs in Russia, particularly since the reign of Peter the Great, all grounds were prepared for Russia’s territorial expansionist policy. The fall of Safavids by the Gholzai and Ebdali Afghans got the Russians to try to realize their wishes. When TahmasbQoli Khan took the power in his hands and following the Ottomans’ heavy defeat, the evacuation of 100000 Russian troops from Guilan and Mazandaran was arranged according to Ganja and Rasht treaties.

Employing his military genius, Nader created a powerful Iran with territorial integrity. However, the long wars of attrition weakened Iran’s economy and perished many young adults, the affliction of which befell on the society after Nader’s death. Lassitude and languor of the Zand dynasty put Iran at the threshold of partition.